Grundy Lake Provincial Park is almost halfway and right off the highway. Good spot for canoeing are several lakes. If you like to bicycle, it is a large enough park so that you can do a decent ride.
Killbear Prov. Park is another one to consider. It is right on Georgian Bay and close to Parry Sound which is a pleasant place to explore.
For a day trip you might enjoy the drive to Killarney Prov. Park to look around, maybe do a hike or two and have fish & chips at the docks in town. This park is about 45 min. drive off the main highway - the road is good and the park beautiful, but if you want to explore other places around, it is a bit out of the way.
All three of these parks are very popular and you may have trouble getting a campsite - a reservation is a must.
While in the area be sure to spend a day in Sudbury - several things to see there.