I think US66 followed the same route as the main Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway railway. It dates from 1926. At the time population in Needles (the Colorado River crossing) was about 3000. Las Vegas was about the same size (and on an LA to SLC railway). It doesn't look like there was much between those 2 towns until the 1940s.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_CaliforniaUS50 initially stopped in Sacramento, with US40 continuing to the coast. Then US50 replaced US48 and used the Bay Bridge. Later it was replaced by "I-80 over the Bay Bridge, I-580 over Altamont Pass, I-205 business route through Tracy, I-5 to Stockton, SR 4 (Charter Way) and SR 26 through Stockton, and SR 99 to Sacramento"