More Googling on this topic produced some more results and information. I found this on Wikipedia - which I know is not the world's most reliable source of information but can be useful. I was trying to find out some of the differences between ULSD and LSD besides the ppm numbers. They say ULSD should be lighter in color and have less odor. They say ULSD must be produced from higher grade crude. But I could not find the refining process difference in simple layman's terms - only technical terms that mean little to those who are not in familiar with any of these processes.........
NOTE - they say advanced emission control systems would be poisoned and/or damaged by the higher sulfur fuels - I do not know for sure what this means. Maybe from this and other posts above we can conclude that all diesel being supplied to Mexico from the US is ULSD - but how widely available this fuel is to date remains a mystery.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel
After December 1, 2014 all highway, non-road, locomotive and marine diesel fuel produced and imported will be ULSD.
The EPA mandated the use of ULSD fuel in model year 2007 and newer highway diesel fuel engines equipped with advanced emission control systems that require the new fuel. These advanced emission control technologies will be required for marine diesel engines in 2014 and for locomotives in 2015.
The allowable sulfur content for ULSD (15 ppm) is much lower than the previous U.S. on-highway standard for low sulfur diesel (LSD, 500 ppm) which allows advanced emission control systems to be fitted that would otherwise be poisoned by these compounds. These systems can greatly reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter.
Because this grade of fuel is comparable to European grades, European engines will no longer have to be redesigned to cope with higher sulfur content in the U.S. These engines may use advanced emissions control systems which would otherwise be damaged by sulfur. Thus the ULSD standard is increasing the availability of diesel-fueled passenger cars in the U.S. In Europe, diesel-engined automobiles have been much more popular with buyers than has been the case in the U.S.
Additionally, the EPA is assisting manufacturers with the transition to tougher emissions regulations by loosening them for model year 2007 to 2010 light-duty diesel engines. As a result, Honda, Nissan, Subaru, Toyota, and others are expecting to begin producing diesel vehicles for the U.S. market to join those from Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Volkswagen, and BMW.
According to EPA estimates, with the implementation of the new fuel standards for diesel, nitrogen oxide emissions will be reduced by 2.6 million tons each year and soot or particulate matter will be reduced by 110,000 tons a year.