ONE
The imported fuel is piped in primarily at El Paso and Mexicali. Zero ULSD is sent through pipelines. ULSD is transported from El Sauzal to feed all of Baja California.
Premium fuel is transported via tanker from El Sauzsal to Salina Cruz Oaxaca, and from from Houston to refinaciones on the gulf coast.
TWO
Mexico produces TWO grades of diesel. The first is the diesel you purchase at a gasolinera. The 2nd is DIESEL MARINA. Diesel marina has >600 ppm sulfur. It can be used solely in seagoing vessels and diesel powered SCE generator plants. But inland generator plants that are out of reach of port tank farms are stuck using regular highway diesel.
THREE
Yes, Mexico imports regular diesel from the USA. The demand goes up and down.
FOUR
Mexico imports include gasolines that contain MTBE. The additive is not used in the USA any more but Mexico does not treat gasoline outside of its refineries. So the fuel comes with the additive.
FIVE
Because of pipeline tapping, coveted fuels such as Premium and ULSD have severe distance limitations imposed on them. The largest is the pipeline between El Sauzal and Mexicali. And yes, sometimes Japanese refined fuel is piped to Mexicali.
SULFUR is extracted under extremely high pressure hydrogen treatment that gains sulfur in the process. it is the -extraction- of the sulfur that is the expensive part. Sulfur can be used to manufacture H2SO4 which is used in conjunction with isobutane and isopropane to precipitate alkylate, and alkylate is one of the best components gasoline can ever hope to get. It is coveted. Alkylate is used in aviation gasoline because it raises octane with a minimum amount of tetra-ethyl lead needed. If Mexico has sulfur conversion to sulfuric acid the industry must be tiny, almost invisible. That, cat feed hydrotreaters, cat crackers and delayed cokers are the infrastructure that Pemex is lacking. Alkylate production also demands caustic soda is the 11+ ph range. Does Mexico produce a great amount of caustic soda? I do not know.