Having designed a lot of electronic equipment, some of which used fuses and some used breakers, I got pretty familiar with the various types of these protection devices.
With fuses there are three basic types:
- Standard (fast blow):
Will carry rated current for one minute or blow in one second at 2X rated current.
- Ultra-fast blow:
Will carry rated current for one second or blow in 1/10 second at 2X rated current.
- Slow blow:
Typically used in motor circuits with high inrush currents.
Characteristics vary by manufacturer.
Circuit Breakers also come in three different "flavors":
- Magnetic:
Will trip at rated current.
- Thermal:
Will carry rated current for one minute or trip in one second at 2X rated current.
- Magnetic/Thermal Hybrid:
Characteristics vary depending on use and manufacturer.
Ref:
Understanding Overcurrent Circuit Protectors - IEEE.