Over on a Cummins-specific forum, lots of people are running 255s and as long as they keep adequate pressure in them, they don't come near touching. Personally I wouldn't, but plenty of people do. There are several threads on it over there. Some run quarter inch spacers. There are a few people who go all the way to 285s with a 1" spacer, which is getting dangerous.
If you want a bigger/wider tire, you really need to replace the wheels with something like DDC or American Force forged, and be sure to consider the weight carrying capacity. The 17x6" isn't wide enough to put a 255 on, at least according to most manufacturers I've seen, who call for a 6.5" minimum width. Some chain, or more reputable tire shops might refuse to mount them.
You could also go to 19.5s. I'm running 245/70r19.5 on 19.5x6.75" wheels. For other reasons, they're equally annoying to get mounted.