progress.... :-)
sorry but your "testing" is "all over the map". Normally, one would take measurements, especially voltage with respects to a ground (preferably a KNOWN ground)... in this case, based on my reads of some schematics, ground can either be the black or green.
Anyways, doesn't matter at this point since you got most of it working... its one of those "mysteries of life"...:-)
As you have "found", it appears that the RED is of no value to you (at this time)... based on my read, the red provides power to the "freeze detector" which most home stats don't use.
Your Y and W are what is "controlling" the cool and heat mechanisms. By hooking your G to where the RED would have been, you are providing the needed ground to operate those functions (in the home, they / you would have been sending them 24v). Good, great.
I am still trying figure out the wiring differences for the fan.
NOTE: I think that the only reason you got fan for the furnance is cause that's how the furnace works... there is NO seperate fan control. Once the furnace control is energized, it controls the fan on the unit, NOT the thermostat.