If you have or can borrow a 30A male to 15A female adapter, try running some (fairly high power) household devices from the 30A socket. If the breaker is weak or the socket bad, they would also cause the breaker to pop.
Also check the new outlet with a voltmeter. There should be ca. 120V between the hot and the neutral, the hot and the ground, and 0V between neutral and ground.
As naturist suggested, it is possible for circuit breakers to be bad or worn (though new ones shouldn't be worn) and not hold anywhere near their rated current. It's not the first thing to verify, but it's not out of the question entirely either.
Oh—on the off chance that you have a Federal Pacific electric panel in the house, please get that replaced. These panels and breakers are fire hazards, having a number of design flaws—the worst of which is an inordinately high failure rate for breakers where the breakers won't trip properly on overloads. ("inordinately high" as in double-digit percentages in several tests and studies.) If you do have a short in the RV and the 20A breaker wasn't operating properly, that is a very definite and obvious fire hazard.