Did you do any additions to the trailer that involved screwing or nailing into anything? If so you probably hit a wire.
First thing I would do in your situation is identify and make note of your power. Since no battery start at the fuse box. The furnace is 12v so ignore the breakers and concentrate on the fuses. Take a reading from positive to ground at the fuse box and write it down and let us know what it is. Is it 12.7, is it 13.6, is it 12.1, is it 11.2 what is the voltage it does make a difference.
After that I would take that wire nut off the red wires and separate the wires.
The small red wire is obviously the thermostat.
The blue wire is the furnace.
I'm assuming the large red wire goes to the blower.
So that leaves the white wire as your suspected 12v positive.
Make a temporary connection to test. Under the wire nut add
the small red wire
the blue wire
the wire that goes to the blower (assuming the red one but if it's the white then use the white)
Your jumper wire back to known good power
Leave out the wire that is reading 1.8v, just tape it off.
Now does the system work?