Normal dually setup is for the valve stems on the outer tires to face inwards and those on the inner tires (and single fronts) to face outwards. This allows for any of the wheels to be used in any position if needed—and, more to the point, for a single spare to serve for everything. The wheels, as you can easily observe, are very heavily dished, and each of the pair on a dually have the dishes facing and both are over a single set of lugs on the hub.
You pretty much need a dual-head air gauge (and probably filler chuck). The forward-pointing head is for the inner tire, and the backwards-facing one for the outer tire. You may also find it convenient to get short valve stem extensions (an inch should be plenty) if the wheel or wheel simulator gets in the way of the gauge/inflator accessing the valve stems. Most of these short extenders are "airless" in that they have a plunger through the middle and only depress the valve in the stem when a gauge or chuck or whatever is applied to the extender; this helps prevent leakage.
80 psi cold is not at all uncommon for the rear tires, and is based on the axle weight. The fronts are typically somewhat lower (as there is less weight carried on the front axle), and too much pressure in the fronts can cause poor handling.