For 1/2 ton that GRAWR number is almost always limited by the springs. But first, add the 2 rear tire load capacities. Is it higher than the GRAWR? For a 1/2 ton it ill usually be higher, but if not, this is the first step.
Don't worry about the axle itself. If you look at the stand alone axle capacity, it is almost certainly higher than the GRAWR.
This leaves the springs, which are purposly made soft in a 1/2 ton to appeal to the majority of 1/2 ton buyers. Adding some overloads or air bags will add some payload capacity allowing the truck to sit more level with a load and be safer.
However, REMEMBER the brakes were designed to stop the GVWR of the truck. They are not going to catch fire and melt by exceeding GVWR by a few hundred pounds, but the stopping distance will be increase the more weight you add.