I doubt you can damage the battery charging at 13.8v, but could be wrong there. Likely your charging amps are quite low, nowhere near 55a. if you were hitting the batt with too high a charging rate, voltage would have spiked right at the start but it didn't.
Not easy to tell how far along in SOC you got. You have a classic case of charging with the equivalent of a single stage 13.8v converter. Will take half a day or longer to charge up the battery to 13.7ish--too much gen time.
To get the results shown in my ugly graph above, you need converter voltage in the 14s. Some converters have a way to force it into boost at 14.4 if it won't go there by itself as it should have in your case with the battery that low.