Obviously First is to find out why front wasn't engaging and fix the 4x. Auto hubs can take a bit more wheel travel to engage as already mentioned. However they are prone to simply not working as they age, lack of service, being vacuum activated many sources to also cause fail. Even manual hubs can fail to lock, especially under load or worse not fully lock.
Having never had auto hubs I don't know if applies, I assume you have auto/lock hubs though that can also be manually engaged. Being already in a pickle you can manually cause hubs to fully lock while stationary. (or when you positively need/want to know)
With transfer case in 2x or neutral (or whatever on a non manual transfer case) where front drive-line can spin freely, turn hubs to lock- turn /jiggle drive-line from drivers side, you can hear/feel the hubs lock, assuming they are free and not gummed up. Though I prefer do one wheel at a time, lock one wheel hub, reach behind wheel, turn/jiggle axle u-joint yoke until hub locks, then do the other side. Hopefully won't need to do, but an exercise to play with in driveway.
Sometimes 'light' brake pedal or ebrake pressure can help, where rear end is open or limited slip, slows down wheel that has least resistance which will recieve all the torque.