Even if you plug into a 15A circuit using a 30-15 adapter, the circuit is going to be protected by the 15A breaker, so my concern is not overloading the cord. My concern is the voltage drop over that much length and the effects of extended running of an inductive load under those conditions.
My digitally controlled marine equipment shuts off on low voltage after sensing 103V for a specified period of time. I personally think that's too low, but I'm not an engineer, so I suppose they know what the compressor will stand. I like to see at least a steady 107V and if it's less than that, I start shedding loads. I think that over a length of cable run we're talking about here, you are going to have to go with a pretty heavy cord, and at that distance, I think I would even go with a 10 gauge cord, even though it's only 15A.