IMHO the primary difference of Premium Diesel is higher cetane. In Indiana Country Mark sells a premium diesel that is typically 10 cents more than the prevailing price for regular diesel. Especially in the Winter regular diesel causes quite a bit of engine clatter while the Country Mark is smooth as silk--well worth 10 cents. It also contains about 4% bio diesel which is a great lubricant for the HPFP. I have read on line that California requires higher Cetane and the Canada requires higher lubricity in their fuels--both characteristics of some premium diesel fuels.