the 5.9 and 8.3 cummins with the bosch p series injection pump use a shut off solenoid that has a pull in coil and a hold in coil. the hold in is hot with the key on, the pull in is hot only in the start position, if the pull in side is used to run the engine it WILL burn out the solenoid after a few minutes. the primer is made as part of the fuel lift pump, as stated in a previous post if the primer pump does not have any resistance it has lost prime. if you have access to air pressure a quick and dirty way to prime is to loosen the fuel line as close to the injection pump as possible and with a with a air blow gun put air pressure in the tank through the filler pipe using a old towel to seal the air, don't get too much pressure in the tank 3 to 5 psi will do. have an assistant tighten the line when you get clean fuel with no air bubbles, it should start after that. also check for fuel leaking any place between the tank and the fuel lift pump.
hope this helps