OP asked, "Can someone give me all the pertinent numbers and definitions when trying to see what range of trailers I can tow?"
The single most important number is your checkbook balance. Just kidding. If you want to boil it down to one number, that number would be the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of the tow vehicle. That's is what the manufacturer says is the maximum weight for the tow vehicle, ready to go camping, including fuel, passengers, stuff, and hitch or trailer tongue weight. It is fairly easy to be over this number, so real weights are required to verify that you are not overloaded. Do NOT believe the salesman, or people on here, when it comes to what you can tow/haul. Check it out yourself.