In my work building solariums and patio covers I frequently have to attach things to cinder blocks.
I have a simple method that works very effectively.
I drill a pilot hole with a 3/16" concrete bit using my Hilti hammer drill. Then I use a #12 PHS sheet metal screw. PHS= pan head socket. Sheet metal screw because the threads go right to the top.
A #12 screw will turn snugly into a 3/16" hole drilled in both concrete and cinder block.
If the hole is loose in any way, cut a corner off a piece of dimensional lumber such as 2X4 and whittle it a bit, but keep it oversize, and pound it into the hole until flush. Then any screw will run in.
This method works well - I do it all the time.
If prying the sign off is an issue, liberally slather the back of it with silicone prior to attachment. The silicone sets up and is difficult to remove.