The unison ring is what synchronizes all the guides/vanes on the turbine side of the wheel. These guides can close to add more velocity to the exhaust gases allowing the turbo to spool up sooner and higher. The vanes can also be opened to allow for more exhaust flow while maintaining optimum pressure. These rings can be cleaned, lots of youtube videos on how to take care of that. It is these guides/vanes that allow the turbo to be called a "Variable Geometry" turbo. Without this ability, you'd have to settle for either low-end grunt or high-end power. Variable Geometry gives a turbo far more operating range. Hope that makes sense.