To the OP, yes you can and likely want to air up, some, when loaded or towing and air down for empty driving.
No, you don't have to account for temperature....or altitude, in general.
You have no need for 80psi on a 1/2 ton, unless you overload it by about 2000lbs. However load range E tires are a safe, versatile long lasting choice for tires on a 1/2 ton.
If your truck shakes with high pressure and not with low pressure, it most likely ain't the tires, it's the hard tires exaggerating another issue. (Bad shocks, bad ball joints, etc)