It sounds like the excess flow valve tripped and shut off the tank. You did well to turn the tank off, but you also have to disconnect the pigtail and turn on the stove to bleed out the excess propane.
After the pressure is gone you can hook up the tank again and very slowly open the valve. Once it gets to about 1/4 turn open you can just open it the rest of the way.
This is basically what happened when you removed it to to be filled. On the positive side your tank is now full.
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2001 Suburban 4x4. 6.0L, 4.10 3/4 ton **** 2005 Jayco Jay Flight 27BH **** 1986 Coleman Columbia Popup