You need to put a voltmeter on the battery posts, dead center of the posts and then have someone turn the key. If the voltage holds above 11 volts or so then move the negative lead of the voltmeter to the frame. Scratch a shiny place. Then place the voltmeter dead center of the negative lead and have someone turn the key. This will tell you if you have a ground path problem. You should not get any voltage from the negative lead (center of the post) to the ground.
Be very careful to NOT disturb any battery cables. Don't go tugging and pulling because it is nice to find the actual problem and not accidently fix the problem.
If you get zero volts during this test then leave the negative test lead on the shiny frame place and move the voltmeter positive to the center of the positive post and have someone turn the key again. If the voltage stays above 11 volts then move the positive lead of the meter to someplace beyond the battery post. You may find a battery shut off switch post for example or some solenoid nearby. Do this test again. If the voltage is way down just beyond the battery post then you have a bad connection at the battery.
At some point moving towards the battery starting solenoid you should encounter a low voltage situation while turning the key of course. Once you find that first low voltage point you can cheerfully work your way back cleaning and tightening all of the connections.
Of course you can just shotgun it and take every connection off and clean them.
This is a common problem and good maintenance will help prevent this. A dremel tool with a round sanding drum is great for shining up connections. Keep sparks away from the batteries of course and do use safety goggles.
Twelve volts has very little "push" or force and has a difficult time going through any slight corrosion or bad connection. In the old days of 6 volt systems it was even worse. Going to 12 volts from 6 volts gives four times the power. Many aircraft use 24 volts. Our telephone system land lines use -48 volts. Don't worry about the math on the increase in power.
And when we went from 6 volts the wiring size was reduced. Go figure.
H/R Endeavor 2008
Ford F150 toad >Full Timers
Certified Senior Electronic Technician, Telecommunications Engineer, Telecommunications repair Service Center Owner, Original owner HR 2008